Some small treatment plants in Africa produce their own sodium hypochlorite on site from the electrolysis of brine. Power demands range from 1.7 to 4 kwh per lb. of NaOCL. 2 to 3.5 lbs. of salt are needed for each pound of NaOCL.
These units are fairly simple and are made in both the U.S. and the U.K.
Another system, [....]
Calcium Hypochlorite, also known as High Test Hypochlorite (HTH) is supplied in crystal form; it is nearly 70% available chlorine.This is the most effective method of field chlorine treatment.
One product, the Sanitizer (formally the Sierra Water Purifier) uses these crystals to super-chlorinate the water to insure pathogens were killed off, then hydrogen peroxide is added to [....]
The orientation in basic water chemistry presented here has included an overview of some of the major impurities present in water and has suggested the nature of the problems they cause.
Table briefly summarizes the most common problems arising from the presence of such major impurities as hardness, iron, and microorganisms. Referring to these same impurities, Table focuses on [....]
Sources of Industrial Stromwater.
Any solid or liquid material or chemical stored, leaked or spilled on the ground from an industrial
operation can be transported by stormwater to a recovery stream and become a pollutant. These
sources can be from any or all of the following:
• Outside process areas
• Inside process areas which discharge to the outside
• [....]
Toxicity
Things that can cause toxicity include many of the following:
Metals: lead, antimony, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium, nickel, manganese
(permanganate), sliver,
Oxidizers: chlorine, chloramines, any of the group VII compounds in the
periodic table, permanganates, ozone, fluorine, iodine, peroxides, and
so on.
All of these compounds are direct toxins, because they directly interfere
with the biological [....]
Calculation of bacterial density.
The determination of indicator bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus or enterococcus is very important for assessing the quality of natural waters, drinking-waters, and wastewaters.
The procedures for enumeration of these organisms are presented elsewhere (APHA et al., 1995).
Examinations of indicator bacterial density in water and in wastewater are generally performed by using [....]