Turbidity is an expression of the optical property of water that causes light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines through the sample. Turbidity is caused by suspended and colloidal particulate matter such as clay, silt, finely divided organic and inorganic matter, plankton and other microscopic organisms.
Turbidity is often used for online control of particle [....]
TOC, an acronym for Total Organic Carbon or Total Oxidizable Carbon, is a non-specific test that measures the amount of carbon bound in organic material and is reported in units of "ppm as carbon". Since the TOC only measures the amount of carbon in organic matter, the actual weight of the organic mass can be up to 3 [....]
Temperature is a critical design parameter. It has significant effects on feed pump pressure requirements, hydraulic flux balance between stages, permeate quality, and solubility of sparingly soluble salts. As a rough rule of thumb, every 10-degree Fahrenheit decrease in feed temperature increases the feed pump pressure requirement 15 %. The hydraulic flux balance between stages (or in other words [....]
TDS, in water treatment, is the inorganic residue left after the filtration of colloidal and suspended solids and then the evaporation of a known volume of water. TDS is reported as ppm or mg/l. TDS, in RO design projections, is determined by calculation using the sum of the cations, anions and silica ions (with the ion reported "as [....]
A divalent anion. The solubility of calcium, barium and strontium sulfate is low and can cause a RO scaling problem in the back-end of a RO. The solubility of these sparingly soluble salts is lower with decreasing temperature. The recommended upper limit for sulfate in potable water is 250 ppm based on taste issues.
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A divalent cation. The solubility of strontium sulfate is low and can cause a RO scaling problem in the back-end of a RO. Strontium sulfate solubility is lower with increasing sulfate levels and decreasing temperatures. Typically, strontium can be found in some well waters where lead ores are also present, with typical concentrations less than 15 ppm. With saturation [....]