A monovalent cation. The solubility of sodium salts is high and does not cause a RO scaling problem. Sodium, in seawater, is the prevalent cation. Sodium is the cation used to automatically balance a RO feed water analysis. Dietary sodium levels can range from 2000 mg/l for low-sodium diets to 3500 mg/l for average consumption levels. The US EPA [....]
Silica (silicon dioxide), in some cases, is an anion.
The chemistry of silica is a complex and somewhat unpredictable subject.
In similar fashion as TOC reports the total concentration of organics (as carbon) without detailing what the organic compounds are, silica reports the total concentration of silicon (as silica) without detailing what the silicon compounds are.
The "Total Silica" content [....]
An empirical test developed for membrane systems to measure the rate of fouling of a 0.45 micron filter pad by the suspended and colloidal particles in a feed water. This test involves the time required to filter a specified volume of feed at a constant 30 psi at time zero and then after 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 [....]
A method of reporting the concentration or "equivalent" weight of an ion or substance in a given volume of water as "ppm as calcium carbonate". Reporting the concentration of ions as "ppm as calcium carbonate" is popular by ion exchange chemists for the calculation of ionic loading of cation or anion resins. It is also popular in determining whether [....]
A method for reporting the concentration of an ion or substance in a water.
The following conversions apply for dilute waters with a specific gravity of 1.0: One ppm is equal to one mg/L. One Grain per U.S. Gallon is equal to 17.1 ppm. One Pound per 1,000 U.S. Gallons is equal to 120 ppm. A one [....]
A method to report the concentration of an ion or substance in a water.
The following conversions apply for dilute waters with a specific gravity of 1.0: One ppb is equal to one microgram per liter (ug/L). One ppm is equal to 1,000 ppb. [....]