Calculation of bacterial density.
The determination of indicator bacteria, total coliform, fecal coliform, and fecal streptococcus or enterococcus is very important for assessing the quality of natural waters, drinking-waters, and wastewaters.
The procedures for enumeration of these organisms are presented elsewhere (APHA et al., 1995).
Examinations of indicator bacterial density in water and in wastewater are generally performed by using [....]
1.What is Waste water
“Wastewater,” also known as “sewage,” originates from household wastes, human and animal wastes, industrial wastewaters, storm runoff, and groundwater infiltration. Wastewater, basically, is the flow of used water from a community. It is 99.94% water by weight.The remaining 0.06% is material dissolved or suspended in the water. It is largely the water supply of a community [....]
Calculation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D)
Apparatus:
Round bottom flask, water condenser, Burette, Pipette,Heating mantle.
Reagents:
* Mercuric sulphate (< 1gm)
* Sulfuric Acid (1 Kg H2SO4 + 5.5 gm Ag2SO4 ) dissolve for 24 hrs.
* 0.25 N Potassium Dichromate (12.259 gm K2Cr2O7 dried at [....]
Calculation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of given water sample.
Apparatus:
Oven, desiccators, filter paper, pipettes.
Procedure:
* Heat clean dish for 1hour in an oven
* Store in desiccators and weigh immediately before use.
* Stir the sample and pipette a measured volume onto a glass fiber filter.
* Wash with three successive 10ml volumes of reagent [....]
COAGULATION AND FLOCCULATION CALCULATIONS
Calculations are performed during operation of the coagulation and flocculation unit processes to determine chamber or basin volume, chemical feed calibration, chemical feeder settings, and detention time.
CHAMBER AND BASIN VOLUME CALCULATIONS
To determine the volume of a square or rectangular chamber or basin, we use:
Volume (cu ft) = length (ft) x width (ft) x [....]
BASIC PUMPING CALCULATIONS
Certain computations used for determining various pumping parameters are important to the water/wastewater operator. In this section, we use basic-pumping calculations relevant to the subject matter.
PUMPING RATES
Important Point:
$The rate of flow produced by a pump is expressed as the volume of water pumped
during a given period.The mathematical problems most often encountered by water/wastewater [....]