Grains (per gallon)
Ion Exchange and boiler water chemists frequently report the concentration of hardness as "Grains per Gallon (as calcium carbonate…
Fluoride (F)
A monovalent anion. Fluoride is found naturally at low levels in some well waters, but normally its presence is…
Copper (Cu ++)
Copper is a divalent cation similar to cadmium, lead, and calcium. It is therefore removed very well by membrane…
Conductivity
Conductivity is a measurement of the ability of water to transmit electricity due to the presence of dissolved ions.…
Color
Color is a non-specific test that measures the relative level of organic compounds in water based on their contribution…
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
COD is a non-specific test that measures the quantity of both bio-degradable and non-biodegradable organic matter and is reported…
Chloride (Cl)
A monovalent anion. The solubility of chloride salts is high and does not create a RO scaling problem. Chloride,…
Cations and Anions
Cations are ions with a positive valence state (they are willing to accept electrons) and have the ability to…
Carbonate (CO3)
A divalent anion. The solubility of calcium carbonate is low and can cause a RO scaling problem in the…
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Carbon dioxide is a gas that when dissolved in water reacts with the water to form weak carbonic acid…