Calculation of Normality
Calculation of Normality Equivalent weight (EW) = Molecular weight (MW) / Valency (Z) Normality (N) =Equivalent weight (EW) / Volume…
Food-to-Microorganism Ratio(F/M Ratio)
Food-to-Microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) The food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M ratio) is a process control method/calculation based upon maintaining a specified balance…
BOD/COD Loading on Aeration Process
Calculating BOD, COD, or SS loading on an aeration process When calculating COD, BOD, or SS loading on an aeration…
Calculating Calcium Hardness as CaCO3
Calculating Calcium Hardness as CaCO3 The hardness (in mg/L as CaCO3) for any given metallic ion is calculated using Equation…
Calculating Magnesium Hardness
Calculating Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 To calculate magnesium hardness, we use this Equation magnesium hardness (m/L) as CaCO3/equivalent weight of…
Alkalinity Determination
Alkalinity measures the acid-neutralizing capacity of a water sample. It is an aggregate property of the water sample and…
Determination of Iodine Value of Activated Carbon
Apparatus: Volumetric flask, conical flask, beaker, burette, pipette, filter paper Reagents: * 0.1N Iodine solution ( 40 gm KI in…
Principle of Ion Exchange (IX)
Ion exchange removes unwanted ions from a raw water by transferring them to a solid material, called an ion…
Determination of Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D)
Apparatus: * Incubator * Stoppard Bottles * Burette * Pipette * Conical flask Chemicals: Reagents * MnSO4 soln (364 gm…
Determination of Mixed Liquor Volatile Suspended Solids
Procedure: * Weigh a clean crucible (D) * Put the filter paper with residue in the previously weighed crucible *…