Sulphite:
The Determination of sulfite usually is made only on boiler waters.Generally speaking sulfite is not present in natural water. in boiler feed water sodium sulphite is fed to remove dissolved oxygen.
Reagents
1. 1N Hydrochloric acid 1+1
2. Starch indicator solution
3. Standard potassium iodide-iodate solution.
Procedure:
Place 10ml of 1+1 HCL in a 250 ml flask. rapidly [....]
| a AOBr AOCl AOI AOX b B0 B5 BOD BOD5 BODS BODSEED c CBOD COD CL CMWD D0 D5 DBP DO DOC DOX ECD ECNI EOX EPA f f ’ FAAS FIA FI–CL GC HAA HAA5 HAA9 HBOD HTC HX IC ICP–AES LOD MS MW NDIR NOM NDOC NPOC NPOX NVOC OMWD P POC POX R RSD TAME TC THM |
Toxicity
Things that can cause toxicity include many of the following:
Metals: lead, antimony, copper, zinc, chromium, cadmium, nickel, manganese
(permanganate), sliver,
Oxidizers: chlorine, chloramines, any of the group VII compounds in the
periodic table, permanganates, ozone, fluorine, iodine, peroxides, and
so on.
All of these compounds are direct toxins, because they directly interfere
with the biological [....]
Calculation of Chemical Oxygen Demand (C.O.D)
Apparatus:
Round bottom flask, water condenser, Burette, Pipette,Heating mantle.
Reagents:
* Mercuric sulphate (< 1gm)
* Sulfuric Acid (1 Kg H2SO4 + 5.5 gm Ag2SO4 ) dissolve for 24 hrs.
* 0.25 N Potassium Dichromate (12.259 gm K2Cr2O7 dried at [....]
Calculation of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) of given water sample.
Apparatus:
Oven, desiccators, filter paper, pipettes.
Procedure:
* Heat clean dish for 1hour in an oven
* Store in desiccators and weigh immediately before use.
* Stir the sample and pipette a measured volume onto a glass fiber filter.
* Wash with three successive 10ml volumes of reagent [....]
Calculation of Normality
Equivalent weight (EW) = Molecular weight (MW) / Valency (Z)
Normality (N) =Equivalent weight (EW) / Volume of Solution (1000 ml.)
Meq = Actual weight (W) / Equivalent weight (EW)
Example: Molecular wt of K2Cr2O7 is 294.148 gm
Valency = 6 (because of Cr -6)
EW = 294.148/6 = 49.025 [....]